China: A Model for Zero Hunger?

This article is part of our collaboration with International Policy Review at IE University. Photo Credits: Dialogue Earth.

Abstract

For much of the world, going to sleep at night with a full stomach is habitual. Even with inflation and rising prices, people are still able to buy groceries. However, that is not the reality for a large portion of the world’s population. For them, going to sleep at night with a growling stomach, fear at the sight of food prices, and persistent malnutrition are the norm. These descriptions are why there exists a Zero Hunger Goal, which in essence aims to achieve zero hunger globally by 2030. This goal encapsulates a range of issues, from food prices, food insecurity, anaemia, and stunting etc. Upon glance, this goal is easy to scoff at. How can we achieve zero hunger everywhere? Yet, the resources and money do exist. The means, do not. One country that has heralded the movement towards Zero Hunger and has had large amounts of success is China. Even with challenges persisting, China has combined a technology-heavy and multipronged approach to combat Zero Hunger. From utilizing Big Earth Data to target agrarian sustainability, to creating social policies to spread awareness and education, China can be seen as a model for the international community when it comes to tackling a goal as momentous as Zero Hunger. This paper examines China’s 2022 report on Zero Hunger progress utilizing Big Earth data, and then analyzes its effectiveness as well as its other social policies. Lastly, this paper will consider some alternative approaches, such as individual-level actions that can be implemented to answer the large question of: can we have a zero hunger world?

1. Introduction

“Food is national security. Food is economy. It is employment, energy, history. Food is everything.” Jose Andrés. If food is everything, then by 2030, more than 600 million people will have nothing. Goal two of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”. The goal encapsulates a variety of issues, such as food prices, malnutrition, and food insecurity. The World Food Programme, a non-profit dedicated to combating hunger, aims to assist in 74 countries; this is far from an isolated issue. In light of crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, many targets were disrupted following impacts on supply chains, higher food prices, and humanitarian crises.

The UN outlined five targets: “to end hunger, ensure everyone has access to nutritious and sufficient food all year, end malnutrition, double agricultural productivity and income of small-scale food producers, ensure more sustainable food production systems, implement resilient agricultural practises, and maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, animals and their related species.” Three implementation methods were proposed: “increasing investment in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, and extension services; correcting and preventing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets; and adopting measures for the proper functioning of the food market”. This article will provide further background on SDG 2, then analyse Zero Hunger in China. Lastly, this article will consider alternative views regarding Zero Hunger initiatives and conclusions that can be extrapolated.

2. Background

Zero Hunger Goals is one of the UN’s most challenging goals to realise. According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 report, around 733 million people faced hunger in 2023, a substantial increase from 2019. Following projections of the “State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024,” 582 million people worldwide will be chronically undernourished by 2030. 2.83 billion people were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2022. These statistics show that the Zero Hunger goal faces the greatest stagnation and regression among the SDGs.

According to the SDG 2023 Progress Report, while the Zero Hunger goal has had some progress, it is not enough to meet the goal’s demands by 2030. Aid and public spending on agriculture have fallen. Malnutrition continues. Countries experiencing high food prices remain above the 2015-2019 average. The five main targets are either facing some improvement or have worsened, also due to the pandemic, conflicts, and aid allocation. While the Zero Hunger goal in general seems to be stagnating, some countries have had different approaches to solutions based on technology, resources, and funding. One such example is China. China also struggles with achieving Zero Hunger, however, they have been one of the leading countries in approaching its goals. This paper will analyse China’s approach to Zero Hunger, specifically how it uses its technological resources and a multifaceted approach to be one of the countries closest to achieving the UN’s goals.

3. Analysis

Achieving “Zero Hunger” requires a multifaceted approach. China is one of the leaders in this approach and has made notable progress in closing in on the Zero Hunger goals. This has been done specifically due to technological, industrial, and structural shifts in food production and distribution, which have allowed China to maximize agrarian production and distribution. This policy review will consider the progress of achieving “Zero Hunger” in China, utilising different approaches to combat Zero Hunger, focusing on its usage of Big Earth Data and industrial and production-focused modifications, as well as areas of improvement.

4. China

When analysing China’s approach to Zero Hunger, the core focus is Big Earth Data Technology. Big Earth Data technology “integrates earth, information, and space science and technologies, capable of macro-level and dynamic monitoring,” which can increase the efficacy of agrarian practices and conduct better analysis on terrain to maximize crop production. Big Data has become a revolutionary innovation, allowing the development of new scientific methods in research through accurate monitoring of the Earth, contributing to the advancement of Earth sciences. Big Earth Data can be utilised for Zero Hunger to monitor agricultural land use and production, which in practice can help reduce food insecurity as more food is produced and distributed. Usually, collecting information is based on farmers’ self-reports of their land and checking by authorities, which is inefficient. Combining modern machine learning with satellite imagery provides more accurate monitoring of agricultural sites to maximize production. Big Earth Data sensors capture characteristics like the function of soil composition, vegetation structure, plant height, and leaf biochemistry, which also helps find issues before a yield is affected. Big Earth Data can provide additional analysis, which can quicken efforts toward Zero Hunger, and it’s worth international organisations investing in it to support regions that may not be able to obtain it.

Big Data has provided substantial support for Zero Hunger policy implementation, and in 2022, China announced the establishment of the International Research Centre of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals. Since 2019, there have been annual releases of Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals, which collect data to monitor SDG indicators. This data collection is then used to influence policy decisions targeting different locations or practices to maximise production to combat goals such as food insecurity. The 2022 report will be considered to assess the role of Big Earth Data and China’s progress with Zero Hunger and its implications.

To understand what Big Earth Data has done for Zero Hunger, the Chinese 2022 report will be utilised. Then, an evaluation will be conducted regarding China’s strategies for achieving Zero Hunger. The report isolates two main thematic studies to organize the Big Earth Data results. The first is improving agricultural productivity to ensure food security (expanding the area of fertile land, increasing farming intensity, and boosting unit yield by technological means). The report focuses on multiple cropping and monitoring changes in saline-alkali land in key regions, as these regions ought to be rehabilitated to utilize them for crop production. The study proposes a saline-alkali land identification algorithm and classification model for monitoring the degree of soil salinization in the area of West Jilin using Big Earth Data. Soil salinization has been reduced through the “Vegetation Restoration in Saline-sodic Soil Project” and “Major Projects in Western Jilin Province”, which contributed to increased grain yields by improving the fertility of the land. Big Earth Data demonstrated evidence on reversing the trend of saline-alkali land expansion to boost grain yields, showing that previously considered unusable land because of high salinity can be reversed to produce more crops, which allows farmers to have higher yields. This helps alleviate food insecurity, boosts sustainability, and also supports smaller producers.

The second thematic study is focused on promoting sustainable food production, which is also necessary for Zero Hunger. Food production systems are responsible for nearly ⅓ of global greenhouse gas emissions, but well-managed cropland soil can become a carbon sink and provide healthier and more sustainable conditions. The data first assesses the potential for cropland carbon sequestration in China under global change. To analyse the conditions, researchers used Agro-C, which is a “process-based model assessing the carbon cycle in agricultural ecosystems”, which “stimulated spatial patterns of soil carbon density during the growing process of grain crops.” The data found that soil organic carbon in Chinese cropland increased by 3.4% from 2015 to 2040, meaning more carbon was trapped in the soil, with future predictions showing that Chinese cropland soils will continue to serve as a carbon sink but with weakening intensity. Using the data, the conditions for soil that enable the more effective carbon trap can be discovered and replicated. This information demonstrates the depth that Big Earth Data can provide from sustainability analysis, such as carbon, to the possibility of revitalizing degraded soil and territories to help with food insecurity.

Through the data and studies, the report concludes with two main recommendations. For agricultural productivity, the report found that the “greatest potential for cropping intensity is in tropical and subtropical regions, which, if climate conditions of light, temperature, and water are met, can raise cropping intensity” and make contributions to Zero Hunger by maximizing production and using/plus revitalizing undervalued lands. In China, the degree of potential of cropping intensity is higher than the global average (which is a limit because some of these conditions are specific to China) and, in the future, sustainable economic development and cultivation of high-standard farmland should be encouraged as well as using agricultural resources for stable grain production. The data allow the ability to determine the ideal conditions that, combined with economic investment and agrarian resources, will allow for maximum sustainable, stable grain production.

Regarding sustainable food production, the report states that “climate change is impacting food production systems, and sustainable crop production management”, and “strengthened management of fertilizers and pesticides can allow systems to cope with climate change.” Climate change is significant as it will impact the land, possibly impacting yields. Focusing on managing fertilizers and pesticides, which often have a high sustainability cost, can mitigate carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality, as they can also allow for the soil to have ideal conditions for carbon trapping. What can be concluded from this report is that the data allow scientists to analyse conditions in soil that can maximize carbon capturing to promote sustainability in farming practices (in fertilizer and pesticide management) as well as locating areas that can be revitalized to begin producing and cropping, to alleviate food insecurity and hunger.

To analyse this report’s findings, Zreik, Mohamad, and Badar Alam Iqbal’s paper “Evaluating China’s strategies for achieving Zero Hunger and SDG 2: from policy to plate” will be used. Beyond the report, at the forefront of China’s policies is the “No. 1 Central Document,” which is issued annually to emphasize the importance of food security and sustainable agricultural growth in the government’s legislature, to demonstrate that it is a priority. This document demonstrates a commitment to Zero Hunger, and such a practice can be implemented in other countries to ensure the issue is at the forefront of legislation. Another cornerstone policy is the Food Security Law, reinforcing China’s commitment to maintaining self-sufficiency in staple grains and improving the quality and safety of food, focusing on food insecurity and sustainability.¹⁰ Additionally, China International Development Cooperation Agency coordinates with foreign aid and international development projects to commit to global food security, leading to the distribution of strategies and data to support Zero Hunger globally.

When evaluating specific strategies and implementation, it is worth considering agricultural innovation and technology, rural infrastructure development, and social security measures, the main areas under which China’s policies fall. Regarding agricultural innovation, a key component is the development and use of “high-yield and disease-resistant crop varieties” (through genetic modification).¹⁰ Genetic modification of crops allows them to be more resistant to issues like diseases and can also increase the nutritional value of crops, which can combat malnutrition. It optimizes the amount of grain produced and boosts nutritional content. As analysed in the report, precision agriculture technologies (drones, satellite imagery, and crop monitoring systems) are being adopted to optimize planting, irrigation, and fertilization, boosting efficiency. China also uses biotechnology in agriculture with biofertilizers and biopesticides, offering environmentally friendly alternatives to promote sustainability. These advancements have led to a significant increase in grain production, and genetically modified crops are a strategy that can be implemented globally. These technologies have also contributed to sustainable resource usage, minimizing degradation, and strengthening the sustainability of China’s agricultural sector.

The second strategy to consider is China’s rural infrastructure development, which focuses on rural logistics, storage facilities, and market access, ensuring products are efficiently produced, stored, and transported, as these all impact food distribution and whether people are cut off from supplies (food insecurity). China developed extensive projects focused on upgrading rural roads and transportation networks to enhance the profitability of farming and increase incentives for rural households to engage in agricultural production. This supports smaller producers and keeps them connected to more urban areas, connecting to the UN’s outlines for Zero Hunger. Ensuring agricultural production is efficient, sustainable, and resilient, China can meet the food needs of its population, and it underscores the principle that food security requires integrated efforts focusing on production and the entire food supply chain.

Lastly, China has implemented social security measures focused on nutrition programmes designed to address malnutrition and poverty by targeting vulnerable populations, highlighting the significance of social and educational reform as part of the process to tackle sustainability goals. One of the key initiatives is the “National Nutrition Plan”, which focuses on improving dietary intake and reducing malnutrition, targeting stunting, anaemia, and maternal health, the main health concerns the UN outlines. The programmes provide “fortified foods, dietary supplements, and nutrition education to vulnerable groups” increasing awareness and education while providing aid. China has also established a comprehensive “social safety net with food assistance programmes, conditional cash transfers, and subsidies for low-income families”, such as the “Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Scheme”, which provides financial assistance to families living below the poverty line so they can purchase food and other basic needs. An analysis has shown that the poverty alleviation programmes have lifted millions out of poverty, positively impacting food security and nutrition, moving China closer to achieving Zero Hunger. This helps tackle all major components of Zero Hunger.

China has reduced hunger and malnutrition, enhanced food accessibility and security, and improved distribution systems with social policies supporting vulnerable populations. However, there have been challenges. The first is unevenness in food distribution across different regions and population groups, with rural and remote areas being more isolated, which widens nutritional gaps. Modernization efforts in the agricultural sector and food supply chains require improvement to reach all regions and populations. While sustainability-focused measures have been implemented, China’s industrial growth has led to soil erosion, water scarcity, and water pollution, which can threaten crop yields and carbon emissions. In a way, China’s sustainability practices compete against its unsustainable industrial growth and footprint. Additionally, China is vulnerable to extreme weather from climate change (such as floods, droughts, typhoons), threatening crop yields and food security. In the future, China should focus on policy adjustments to enhance the inclusivity of all region and further international cooperation through sharing experiences and technological innovations.

When considering China as a case study, its comprehensive approach to achieving Zero Hunger is a model of how policy, innovation, and international collaboration can address significant issues such as Zero Hunger. The broad idea of a multipronged approach in government, social policies, agricultural reform, and technology is the cornerstone to improving zero hunger. Considering the international perspective and long-term implications, we can conclude that a multidimensional approach is needed to combat Zero Hunger.

5. Policy Analysis/Recommendation:

While the analysis considers successes/failures, indicators/opinions, examining the pitfalls and weak points as well as areas of improvement for China with Zero Hunger, there are two additional layers of policy worth considering in terms of feasibility and scale of impact. These options focus more on individual-level actions that can be done to work towards Zero Hunger, and their applications on a larger scale will be considered.

The first builds on adopting a new scientific model for agricultural chemicals. An article published by David-Cole Hamilton discusses the Haber Bosch process and how to maximize its efficiency and effect on crops. Hamilton argues that hunger is a problem of distribution and not production, meaning we make enough food, but the distribution is inefficient. Maximum food production comes partly because of agricultural chemicals, which increase crop yields by at least half. In fertilisers, the main components are ammonia and phosphate. Ammonia is made through the Haber Bosch process (which reacts nitrogen from the air with hydrogen over a catalyst).1.8% of the world’s energy is consumed in the Haber Bosch process, and it consumes 5% of all the world’s annual methane, meaning it is incredibly energy consuming. Additionally, many fields are sprayed with fertiliser, but much of the fertiliser is typically not absorbed, leading to waste and soil damage, which can prevent future yields. It runs off into fields, waterways, and then oceans, where it causes algal blooms and eutrophication. More work needs to be done with farmers and agriculturalists to ensure better ways of delivering fertilisers to plants in the amount needed, as well as sustainable agricultural practices. The article concludes that to tackle zero hunger, chemists can improve what they are doing by cleaning up the processes used and tackling the overuse of fertilizers. Involving more scientists and chemical alternatives for fertilisers, combined with other agrarian reforms, agreeing to international cooperation, and the distribution of such products would be helpful to countries that can not produce them on their own.

The second perspective worth considering is the implementation of individual habits for food waste and sustainable dietary choices. A paper by Some Shreya, Joyashree Roy, Joyee Shairee Chatterjee, and M. Huzaifa Butt titled “Low Demand Mitigation Options for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: Role of Reduced Food Waste and Sustainable Dietary Choice.” focuses on food waste reduction at the consumer end and balancing sustainable, healthy dietary choices featuring less meat and processed foods that have clear climate change impacts, but can also be linked to Zero Hunger. Mitigation is linked with awareness and educational programmes, technological solutions/innovations, broader innovative policy designs, and the involvement of multiple social actors. The article concludes that implementing food waste reduction and enhancing dietary choices requires comprehension of the initiatives to produce changes. There have to be programmes promoting these initiatives at the local level for people to implement them. When combating Zero Hunger, food waste and nutrition are significant, including obesity, not just undernourishment. For these ideas to be implemented, education and awareness are needed, demonstrating that effective policies also include those that target informational awareness on diet. This can occur in schools, starting in primary schools with simple explanations of how to compost properly to mitigate food waste and how to eat properly to combat the obesity, anaemia, and undernourishment crisis of the world. These social policies can be enacted on a global scale through international organizations with specific outreach to more isolated regions.

Another paper, Blesh, Jennifer, Lesli Hoey, Andrew D. Jones, Harriet Friedmann, and Ivette Perfecto. 2019. “Development Pathways Toward ‘Zero Hunger.’” examines development pathways toward Zero Hunger, finding that scholars referencing the goal do not link ecology, nutrition, and policy science dimensions of food systems, which leads to an incomplete picture of the goal and its intentions. The authors conducted an integrated literature review around ecology and agricultural sciences, nutrition and public health, and political economy and political science. The review identifies limitations in the way the goal is applied by researchers, with “productionist perspectives, limited attention to ecological processes on farms, definition of food security that lacks a food systems perspective, and a lack of attention to historical and structural factors that shape opportunities for equity and food security”. This can lead to a limited understanding of Zero Hunger, but also of initiatives to combat it. This paper shows that if we do not properly understand Zero Hunger, its targets, and its goals, we will not implement policies effectively. In the future, research regarding Zero Hunger should have stronger engagement with ecological, nutritional, and political science-related concepts because of the multidimensional nature of the goal. Achieving Zero Hunger should centre on solutions that simultaneously attend to local institutional capacities, agroecosystem diversification, ecological management, and the quality of local diets. Overall, there needs to be more cultural awareness and education on the issue, which again, means there has to be an international approach for policy implementation. While the actions are individual, they must be advocated for in an international forum for impact.

Generally speaking, Zero Hunger is unlikely to be achieved by 2030. In this review, the most important policy implementation is technological development and working on scientific approaches for agrarian reform. Corruption, conflicts, and lack of resources also need to be addressed. Yet, individual actions to reduce food waste, choose sustainable dietary choices, and purchase from farmers and small businesses are decisions everyone can make to facilitate momentum for Zero Hunger. The paper concludes there is a need to focus on individual reduction of food waste, sustainable dietary choices, the continuation of international investment in agrarian reform, and cooperation for technological and resource sharing to use Big Earth Data to maximize production. Additionally, investing in environmentally sustainable transportation as well as social services to assist those in poverty, the unemployed, those who are undernourished, and educational campaigns can increase awareness of the topic. These steps can move the international community forward for the coming decades.

6. Conclusion

“Give a man a fish; you have fed him for today. Teach a man to fish; and you have fed him for a lifetime.” It is not enough to provide meals temporarily; we must ensure that everyone has the systems, resources, and abilities to provide for their children, families, countries, and regions. In the background, analysis, and recommendations, it is clear that Zero Hunger is a momentous challenge to achieve. Yet, it is of utmost importance to work on ensuring the population faces Zero Hunger, food stability, and health. When considering the feasibility of implementing policies, it is clear that countries with strong technological resources, such as China, can get ahead of the curve. However, others, such as Africa, lack resources. This emphasises the need for international cooperation to implement agrarian reform, share technological data and strategies to find out how to maximize grain and improve transportation and efficiency, as well as possible genetic modifications to improve the nutritional value of food. Yet, corruption and conflicts also need to be addressed, highlighting the significance of international eyes and cooperation in addressing Zero Hunger. Individual campaigning regarding food waste and dietary choices can happen with local efforts and educational campaigns to raise awareness. Increasing understanding of Zero Hunger is part of the approach to tackling it, and that starts with decisions that can be made at the individual level.

In the analysis on China, it is clear that using satellite data, revitalizing unused or degraded land, genetic crop modification, new biopesticides and fertilizers, creating more integrated systems of food supply and demand, and social policies aimed at supporting vulnerable groups and raising awareness on malnutrition are solid policies to tackle Zero Hunger. Having these ideas be relevant at legislative sessions (such as China’s #1 Central Document) could ensure continuous awareness of the issue in the areas that need it most, such as countries in Africa. These can all be implemented through increased international cooperation and resource distribution for technological assets, and coordination for international educational and social campaigns to support awareness, which is part of Zero Hunger. Hunger has political and social implications – it perpetuates the poverty cycle, it allows for corruption, and political and social instability. Currently, the social and political atmosphere of the world is divided by conflict and politics, many leading to humanitarian crises, which are making the issue worse. Hence, international cooperation, especially with humanitarian aid groups, is also necessary, as they can help create the type of educational and social programs, transportation, and agrarian reform needed.

The resources, technology, and ability to ensure every person on the planet is fed exist. They are there. We simply need to create a united, multidimensional approach through international cooperation, assisting everyone and working together as a global community. That starts with individual actions such as limiting food waste, making responsible dietary choices, and supporting farmers and smaller producers. Zero Hunger can be achieved — everything needed to achieve it exists. There simply must be coordination.

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